ABSTRACT Sanitation (which includes national public policies for drinking water, sewage services and waste management) is precarious in Brazil and therefore poses a challenge to a range of actors. Poor sanitation impacts public health, education, the environment, and daily life. Globally, it emits increasing greenhouse gases. Universalization of any major public service appears difficult, if not impossible; however, Brazil’s program to universalize access to electricity proves the opposite, as will be shown in this paper. By describing the successful implementation of electricity for everyone, we show that planned public efforts, coordinated with private initiatives and local communities, have worked, and the same can be achieved for the sanitation sector. An overview of all sectors that touch on sanitation and emissions is also provided, highlighting the challenges and possibilities for infrastructure projects.

RESUMO No Brasil, uma redução significativa nas taxas de desmatamento ocorreu durante a última década. Apesar desse fato, as taxas médias anuais ainda estão muito altas, aproximadamente 400.000 ha/ano (INPE/Prodes). Os projetos de redução de emissões pelo desmatamento evitado (REDD+) são uma ferramenta importante para reduzir as taxas do desmatamento no Brasil. Entender a estrutura da floresta amazônica em termos de estoque de biomassa é chave para desenvolvimento de estratégias para reduzir desmatamento. Nesse estudo, analisamos resultados de dados da biomassa acima do solo de 1.019.346,27 hectares no estado do Pará. Foram coletados dados de 16.722 arvores em 83 parcelas sorteadas independentemente. Foram testadas 4 equações alométricas para DAP>10cm: Brown et al. (1989), Brown and Lugo (1999), Chambers et al. (2000), Higuchi et al. (1998). Foi revelado que o maior estoque de carbono da biomassa acima do solo está estocado no intervalo entre 30cm e 80cm DAP. Esse compartimento de biomassa estoca 75.70% da biomassa total na equação de Higuchi et al. (1998), 75.56% da biomassa total na equação de Brown et al. (1989), 78.83% do total de biomassa na equação de Chambers et al. (2000), e 73.22% na equação de Brown and Lugo (1999).

ABSTRACT In Brazil, a significant reduction in deforestation rates occurred during the last decade. In spite of that fact, the average annual rates are still too high, approximately 400.000 ha/year (INPE/Prodes). The projects of emissions reduction through avoided deforestation (REED+) are an important tool to reduce deforestation rates in Brazil. Understanding the amazon forest structure, in terms of biomass stock is key to design avoided deforestation strategies. In this work, we analyze data results from aboveground biomass of 1,019.346,27 hectares in the state of Pará. It was collected data from 16,722 trees in 83 random independent plots. It was tested 4 allometric equations, for DBH > 10cm: Brown et al. (1989), Brown and Lugo (1999), Chambers et al. (2000), Higuchi et al. (1998). It revealed that the biggest carbon stock of above ground biomass is stocked on the interval at DBH between 30cm and 80cm. This biomass compartment stocks 75.70% of total biomass in Higuchi et al. (1998) equation, 75.56% of total biomass in Brown et al. (1989) equation, 78.83% of total biomass in Chambers et al. (2000) equation, and 73.22% in Brown and Lugo (1999) equation.